under threat. Protecting the pastures where the height of the existing plants is much less than 7.6 cm has advantages, among which we can mention things such as the regrowth of pasture plants and the production of fodder in the long term.
Nutritional issues and problems Ketosis disease during pregnancy is one of the most common problems in sheep and goats. Usually, this problem occurs in livestock at the end of the pregnancy period and simultaneously with the increase in the growth rate of their embryos
will be By using some strategies, such as feeding diets with a gradual increase in energy content in the last third of the pregnancy period, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of this type of hema disease in sheep and goats. Each head of pregnant animals should be fed daily with rations containing concentrate with an energy content of 0.11 kg in the 6 weeks before giving birth, and this will be done until the amount of concentrate used at the time of delivery is equal to 0. It reaches 45 kg per fetus.
Acidosis is another common abnormality among sheep and goats that occurs due to the inexperience of breeders.
In general, eating undesired high-energy diets is one of the most effective factors in the occurrence of this condition. Decreased appetite, loose and watery stools, lameness and decreased health and growth are among the symptoms that can increase the risk of contracting this disease. To announce that severe cases of acidosis are fatal, applying gradual changes in the diet and not consuming too much grains with concentrates are among the effective solutions to prevent the occurrence of this complication. The lack of optimal balance of vitamins and minerals in the diet leads to consequences such as milk fever, white muscle disease, blindness, soft bone marrow, placental abruption, miscarriage, and death. Stones in the urinary tract is another common problem in castrated sheep, which can be prevented by using some solutions such as the consumption of minerals and vitamins in the optimum level. Sheep show sensitivity to copper
The breeder must make sure that the mineral supplement is only and specially formulated for them. Wort plants and poisonous plants are another factor that can endanger the health of sheep and goats, even though this category of livestock is not allowed to use Plants avoid bitter taste, but they cannot detect some cases such as the toxicity of the plant. In order to protect livestock, breeders must implement some measures to identify and remove poisonous plants in the pasture, and feed their livestock from Use dry, weed-free manure. give the same
Use of balanced rations in feeding sheep and goats
Growers should send samples of dry fodder and other fodder to the laboratory for chemical analysis. After that, he can create a completely balanced diet for his sheep and goats based on the results.
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Introduction
Sheep and goats need 5 main and important nutrients, including energy water (carbohydrates and fat), protein, vitamins and minerals. The lack of any of these categories of nutrients leads to the same consequences, disease, reduced growth and efficiency, and even death. Rapid growth, increased success in reproduction of natural feces, favorable and optimal body condition, increase in milk production, aggressive behaviors are among the signs of feeding animals with favorable and optimal rations. Hungry animals are constantly using feed and they do not allocate time to perform some activities such as rumination rest or movement and struggle. Some of the minerals needed for livestock health are as follows: sodium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, molybdenum, selenium, copper, iron, zinc, iodine, manganese, cobalt.
Digestive system of ruminants
Sheep and goats are among the ruminant animals and they have a special digestive system, there are useful microorganisms in their digestive system, and they can produce enzymes to break down vegetable food, and because of this, the nutrients in them Nutrients, by-products from the fermentation process and microbes in the digestive tract are available for the fermentation process, including sources of energy and protein for sheep and goats. Fodder is one of the effective factors in maintaining rumen and livestock health. The change in the ration should happen gradually and within 2 weeks. In this case, ruminant animals and microorganisms in the digestive system can adapt favorably to this type of changes. Otherwise, the process and digestion in livestock will face problems, and in this case, the amount of metabolism of feed will decrease, and this will lead to the occurrence of disease in livestock.
All kinds of food items
Use in feeding livestock, fodder is a nutritious food and contains fiber. This edible material is available in three forms: freshly dried or fermented.
Fodder plants and legumes (meadows), bushes (grazing shrubs) and dry fodder are among the important examples of this edible material. Many breeders who raise livestock on a small scale do not use fermented feeds such as silage. It should also be noted that fodder is one of the foods that provide protein and energy at a low cost. On the other hand, they differ from each other from the point of view of nutritional quality. In general, the quality depends on some factors, among which we can mention the level of maturity of the plant at the time of harvesting, the type of plant, soil fertility, climatic conditions, the amount of access to water and the methods used for storage.
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concentrate
Concentrate is an edible material containing grains with high energy content. Corn, oats, wheat, and sorghum are among the important grains in the concentrate structure. Also, they can be available in the form of pellets with high energy content and commercial and edible compounds with high protein content that are used only to meet a specific nutritional need. Molasses, soybean meal, grain cake, and fish meal are among the items in pellet-like concentrates. In general, from the economic point of view, the cost of using concentrates is higher than fodder.
Do sheep and goats need grain?
Many adult sheep and goats can meet their needs by using some things like dry fodder, minerals and water. Livestock in the late growth period, pregnancy and lactation period need food supplements. Otherwise, they will not be able to offer their talent to grow live and desirable offspring and produce milk. Wool sheep need protein supplements when using diets containing low quality forage for wool production. Breeders should make sure of some things such as gradually adding concentrate to the ration, and this group of feeds should be fed to the animals daily and during two meals.
The nutritional behavior of grazing on branches is a behavior based on the use of feeds, in which animals search and use the upper parts of the plant at eye level, while grazing can be called the use of plants with He defined lowering the head. Sheep and goats are among the animals that show this behavior during feeding. But in this case, it should be mentioned that goats tend to show behaviors based on searching and grazing on branches, but the incidence of grazing behaviors with head down is more seen in sheep.
It is difficult to provide an environment for goats to develop behaviors based on grazing. The breeders should make sure that the rations of the goats fed using the head branches are supplemented with large amounts of fodder and concentrate, and this action should be implemented only with the aim of meeting the nutritional needs of this group of animals. To feed their sheep and goats, breeders should not use pastures where the height of plants is less than 76 cm. In this category of larval pastures, there are many parasites and if they are swallowed, they can harm the animal from the point of view of health.
